Identifier that maps to different networks at different datacenters

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments provide a method for a network manager that manages multiple managed forwarding elements at a particular datacenter. The method receives a configuration for a bridge between a logical L2 network that spans at least two datacenters and physical L2 networks at one or more of the spanned datacenters. The configuration includes a generic physical network identifier. The method maps the generic physical network identifier to a particular physical L2 network at the particular datacenter. The generic physical network identifier maps to other physical networks at other spanned datacenters. The method provides the configuration to a set of central controllers using an identifier for the particular physical L2 network. The set of central controllers configures a managed forwarding element operating at the particular datacenter to implement the bridge to bridge packets between the logical L2 network and the particular physical L2 network.

BACKGROUND

Bridging is a technique used to connect different L2 networks (e.g., different virtual local area networks (VLANs) or logical switches) without routing when the L2 networks share the same subnet. For instance, a bridge could be used to connect workloads (e.g., virtual machines, physical servers) that connect to a VLAN to workloads that connect to a virtual extensible local area network (VXLAN). The use of such bridges is generally constrained to logical networks that are contained within a single datacenter.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Some embodiments provide a method for implementing a bridge between a logical L2 network (e.g., a logical switch) that spans multiple datacenters and a physical L2 network located in one of the datacenters spanned by the logical network. In some embodiments, a network manager located at one of the datacenters receives the configuration for the bridge (e.g., from an administrator) and provides this configuration to a set of central controllers that manages the multiple datacenters, along with a datacenter identifier that specifies the particular datacenter in which the physical L2 network is located. The set of central controllers stores information about the managed forwarding elements at each of the datacenters managed by the central controllers, including datacenter identifiers. Using this data, the set of central controllers selects one of the managed forwarding elements that is located in the same datacenter as the physical L2 network. In addition, some embodiments also require that the selected managed forwarding element operate in a host machine on which a data compute node (e.g., a virtual machine) that connects to the logical network resides.

The set of central controllers receives the bridge configuration as a 3-tuple in some embodiments, that includes (i) a logical network (e.g., VXLAN) identifier, (ii) a physical network (e.g., VLAN) identifier, and (iii) a datacenter identifier. As noted above, each managed forwarding element (which may be, e.g., virtual switches operating in virtualization software of host machines in the datacenters) has an associated datacenter identifier as well. The set of central controllers stores this managed forwarding element data as well as information indicating on which host machine each of the data compute nodes (DCNs) attached to the logical L2 network resides. Using this information, the set of central controllers can select one of the managed forwarding elements that fits both criteria (i.e., operates in a host machine that is located in the datacenter identified in the 3-tuple, and on which one of the logical network DCNs resides).

The set of central controllers distributes the bridge configuration to the selected managed forwarding element, which implements the bridge for packets sent between the logical L2 network and physical L2 network. The managed forwarding element bridges packets by, e.g., removing a logical network identifier from a packet and adding a physical network identifier (e.g., a VLAN tag), or vice versa.

In certain circumstances, the bridge may need to be implemented in multiple datacenters, either moving from one datacenter to another as a failover mechanism or in a configuration in which the bridge operates simultaneously in multiple datacenters at once (e.g., bridging physical L2 networks in multiple datacenters onto the same logical L2 network). Thus, some embodiments use a generic physical network identifier in the bridge configuration that maps to different specific physical L2 networks at different datacenters. The network managers at two different datacenters receive the same configuration specifying a bridge between a logical L2 network that spans the two datacenters and a physical network identifier. The first network manager (at the first datacenter) maps this physical network identifier to a first physical L2 network (e.g., a VLAN) at the first datacenter while the second network manager (at the second datacenter) maps this physical network identifier to a second physical L2 network at the second datacenter. The network managers, in some embodiments, provide the configurations to the set of central controllers using their respective datacenter identifiers and specific physical L2 network identifiers in order for the central controllers to select managed forwarding elements at the two different datacenters to which to provide the respective bridge configurations.

As mentioned, one such circumstance of some embodiments that uses the generic physical network identifier involves moving the bridge from one datacenter to another. In this scenario, the first network manager initially provides the bridge configuration for the first datacenter (i.e., using the first datacenter identifier and an identifier for a specific physical L2 network located at the first datacenter) to the set of controllers, which configures the bridge on a managed forwarding element in the first datacenter. If the first network manager fails (e.g., the machine on which the first network manager operates fails, loses communication, etc.), some embodiments move the bridge to a second datacenter also spanned by the logical L2 network. This second datacenter may have a physical L2 network that acts as a backup for the physical L2 network at the first datacenter. Thus, the second network manager (at the second datacenter) provides the bridge configuration for the second datacenter (using the second datacenter identifier and an identifier for the specific physical L2 network located at the second datacenter) to the set of controllers, which configures the bridge on a managed forwarding element in the second datacenter.

In an active-active scenario, physical L2 networks at more than one datacenter are bridged onto the logical L2 network at the same time. That is, each of the network managers at their respective datacenters maps the generic physical network identifier to their own specific physical L2 network, and provides their separate configuration to the set of central controllers, which configures bridges at each datacenter. Thus, the same traffic from a logical network DCN (e.g., broadcast or multicast traffic) can be bridged onto multiple physical L2 networks at different datacenters.

Having multiple physical L2 networks at different datacenters bridged onto the same logical network can create the possibility of traffic loops as well as undesired connectivity between the physical L2 networks at different datacenters. For instance, a broadcast packet sent from a DCN on the first datacenter's physical L2 network would be bridged onto the logical network by the bridge at the first datacenter, and (because it is a broadcast packet) would reach the bridge at the second datacenter, which would (at least) bridge the packet onto the physical L2 network at the second datacenter. Thus, as the logical network packets are tunneled between host machines (e.g., using VXLAN, GENEVE, STT, etc.), some embodiments use an available field or portion thereof (e.g., a single bit) in the tunnel encapsulation header to identify that a packet has already been bridged. When the managed forwarding element implementing the bridge receives such a packet, the forwarding element does not bridge the packet again, instead just delivering the packet to its destination (e.g., the logical network DCN residing on that host machine).

The preceding Summary is intended to serve as a brief introduction to some embodiments of the invention. It is not meant to be an introduction or overview of all inventive subject matter disclosed in this document. The Detailed Description that follows and the Drawings that are referred to in the Detailed Description will further describe the embodiments described in the Summary as well as other embodiments. Accordingly, to understand all the embodiments described by this document, a full review of the Summary, Detailed Description and the Drawings is needed. Moreover, the claimed subject matters are not to be limited by the illustrative details in the Summary, Detailed Description and the Drawing, but rather are to be defined by the appended claims, because the claimed subject matters can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the subject matters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following figures.

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments to select a managed forwarding element to implement a bridge between a logical network that spans multiple datacenters and a physical network at one of the datacenters.

FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates a set of central controllers that receives a bridge configuration, selects a managed forwarding element, and provides the bridge configuration to the selected managed forwarding element.

FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates an example of the selection of an MFE for a bridge by a central controller.

FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates an example of an MFE bridging a packet sent from a first DCN on a logical network to a second DCN on a physical L2 network.

FIG. 5 conceptually illustrates the mapping of some embodiments of generic physical network identifiers to specific physical L2 networks by different network managers.

FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for generating a bridge configuration 3-tuple based on a generic physical network identifier.

FIG. 7 conceptually illustrates an example of a failover scenario of some embodiments.

FIG. 8 conceptually illustrates an example of an active-active scenario of some embodiments for a bridge in two datacenters.

FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates an example of a broadcast packet being sent between bridges in different datacenters.

FIG. 10 conceptually illustrates an electronic system with which some embodiments of the invention are implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description of the invention, numerous details, examples, and embodiments of the invention are set forth and described. However, it will be clear and apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth and that the invention may be practiced without some of the specific details and examples discussed.

Some embodiments provide a method for implementing a bridge between a logical L2 network (e.g., a logical switch) that spans multiple datacenters and a physical L2 network located in one of the datacenters spanned by the logical network. In some embodiments, a network manager located at one of the datacenters receives the configuration for the bridge (e.g., from an administrator) and provides this configuration to a set of central controllers that manages the multiple datacenters, along with a datacenter identifier that specifies the particular datacenter in which the physical L2 network is located. The set of central controllers stores information about the managed forwarding elements at each of the datacenters managed by the central controllers, including datacenter identifiers. Using this data, the set of central controllers selects one of the managed forwarding elements that is located in the same datacenter as the physical L2 network. In addition, some embodiments also require that the selected managed forwarding element operate in a host machine on which a data compute node (e.g., a virtual machine) that connects to the logical network resides.

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a process 100 of some embodiments to select a managed forwarding element to implement a bridge between a logical network that spans multiple datacenters and a physical network at one of the datacenters. The process 100 is performed by a set of central controllers in some embodiments.

The process 100 will be described in part by reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 illustrates a set of central controllers 200, as well as managed forwarding elements (MFEs) operating in two datacenters 205 and 210. The set of central controllers 200 may be a single controller, a cluster of controllers, etc. The controllers may be located, in different embodiments, at one or the other of the datacenters 205 and 210, divided between the datacenters, or located at a different location (e.g., at a datacenter other than these two).

The managed forwarding elements are configurable forwarding elements that receive configuration data distributed by the set of central controllers 200. In some embodiments, the managed forwarding elements are software forwarding elements (e.g., virtual switches, virtual routers, combined switch/router software modules, etc.) that execute within the virtualization software (e.g., hypervisors) of different host machines in the datacenters.

The process 100 begins by receiving (at 105) a bridge configuration as a three-tuple including (i) a logical network identifier, (ii) a physical network identifier, and (iii) a datacenter identifier. In some embodiments, this data is received from a network manager that operates at one of the datacenters (i.e., the datacenter specified by the datacenter identifier). The network manager receives the bridge configuration, e.g., through an application programming interface (API) based on user input to specify a bridge between a logical L2 network and a physical L2 network, and provides the configuration data (with the datacenter identifier) to the set of central controllers. In some embodiments, the network manager maps a generic physical network identifier in the configuration received through the API to a specific physical L2 network at the datacenter. This mapping performed by the network manager is explained in more detail below.

In FIG. 2, the set of central controllers 200 receives a bridge configuration identifying a logical L2 network with the identifier VXLAN 10, a physical L2 network with the identifier VLAN 100, and a datacenter identifier DC1. The logical network identifier, in some embodiments, specifies a particular logical switch (also referred to as a distributed virtual switch), such as a VXLAN network. A logical switch is an abstract of a switch defined by an administrator that logically connects data compute nodes (e.g., VMs, containers, etc.) that may not be connected to the same physical switch. In some embodiments, the data compute nodes connected to a logical switch may be distributed across multiple racks within a datacenter, or even multiple datacenters. When data compute nodes (DCNs) on the same logical switch communicate with each other, they do so as though they are connected to the same physical switch, while the physical network (e.g., the MFEs) between them uses, e.g., tunnel encapsulation to preserve this abstraction.

The physical network identifier, in some embodiments, identifies a VLAN or similar L2 construct that operates within a single datacenter. The physical L2 networks do not use an overlay network to communicate, and are thus confined to a single datacenter. Lastly, the datacenter identifier specifies a particular one of the datacenters that host machines connected to the logical network.

Next, the process 100 identifies (at 110) MFEs that (i) have the same datacenter identifier as the datacenter identifier received as part of the bridge configuration and (ii) operate on host machines on which DCNs of the logical network reside. In some embodiments, each DCN of the logical network directly connects to a managed forwarding element that operates on the same physical host machine as the DCN. In some embodiments, a set of MFEs (e.g., one or more virtual switches, virtual routers, etc.) operates on a physical host machine, and the process identifies MFEs that implement bridges that operate on the same host machine as the DCN. For instance, a virtual router might implement the bridge, while the DCN connects directly to a virtual switch which in turn connects to the virtual router. In the example shown in FIG. 2, each of MFE1, MFE2, and MFE3 would be identified as having the same datacenter identifier as specified by the bridge configuration, but not all of these would necessarily operate on the same physical host as a DCN attached to the logical network VXLAN 10.

The process 100 then selects (at 115) one of the identified MFEs (that meets the above criteria) to implement the bridge in the specified datacenter. Different embodiments may make the selection randomly or pseudo-randomly, using load balancing techniques (i.e., balancing the number of bridges for different logical networks that are implemented on the different MFEs of a datacenter), etc.

FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates an example of the selection of an MFE for a bridge by a central controller 300. As shown, the controller receives a bridge configuration (e.g., from a network manager) for a bridge between logical L2 network VXLAN 10, physical L2 network VLAN 100, in datacenter 1. The central controller 300 stores a mapping of each MFE in datacenters 1 and 2 to their respective datacenter identifier. Thus, the central controller can identify that MFE1, MFE2, and MFE3 have the same datacenter identifier as specified in the bridge configuration. In addition, the central controller stores (or calculates) the span of the logical L2 network VXLAN 10, which includes MFE1, MFE2, MFE4, and MFE 6. These are the MFEs that are configured to implement VXLAN 10, for example because they operate on the same host machine on which DCNs belonging to VXLAN 10 reside. Based on this data, the central controller 300 can select either MFE1 or MFE2, and in this example selects MFE2.

Finally, the process 100 distributes (at 120) bridge configuration data to the selected MFE. The process then ends. In FIG. 2, the set of central controllers 300 selects MFE2, and distributes bridge configuration data to the MFE, instructing the MFE to set up a bridge between VXLAN 10 and VLAN 100. In some embodiments, the set of central controllers actually distributes this information as a data tuple to a local controller operating on the same host as the MFE (e.g., also in the virtualization software of the host machine). The local controller then converts the data tuple into configuration data for the specific type of MFE operating on the host (e.g., flow entries for a flow-based MFE, other types of configuration data for other types of MFEs). In addition, in some embodiments, the set of central controllers distribute to the other MFEs (at least those operating on host machines on which DCNs attached to the logical network reside) the location of the bridge as well as the list of addresses (e.g., MAC addresses) in each of the networks being bridged, so that packets requiring bridging can be identified and sent to MFE2.

The selected managed forwarding element bridges packets by, e.g., removing a logical network identifier from a packet and adding a physical network identifier (e.g., a VLAN tag), or vice versa. FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates an example of a MFE 400 operating to bridge a packet sent from a first DCN (VM1) on a logical network (VXLAN 10) to a second DCN (VM9) on a physical L2 network (VLAN 100). As shown, the first DCN 405 sends a unicast packet with its own MAC address as the source address and the MAC address of the second DCN 410 as the destination address.

The MFE 415 to which this first DCN connects processes the packet and determines that the packet requires bridging by the bridge MFE 400. As such, the MFE 415 tunnels the packet to the bridge MFE 400, using VXLAN encapsulation (which includes the VXLAN identifier in the outer encapsulation header). The bridge MFE 400 receives this packet, removes the encapsulation, and, based on the destination MAC address, determines that the packet needs to be bridged onto VLAN 100. As such, the bridge MFE 400 adds a VLAN tag (for VLAN 100) to the packet, and sends the packet onto the VLAN (which could involve tunneling the packet to a hardware switch, such as a TOR, that connects to the DCNs on the VLAN).

In the above example, the bridge is configured to operate in a specific datacenter in which the physical L2 network is located. In certain circumstances, the bridge may need to be implemented in multiple datacenters, either moving from one datacenter to another as a failover mechanism or in a configuration in which the bridge operates simultaneously in multiple datacenters at once (e.g., bridging physical L2 networks in multiple datacenters onto the same logical L2 network). Thus, some embodiments use a generic physical network identifier in the bridge configuration that maps to different specific physical L2 networks at different datacenters. The network managers at two different datacenters receive the same configuration specifying a bridge between a logical L2 network that spans the two datacenters and a physical network identifier. The first network manager (at the first datacenter) maps this physical network identifier to a first physical L2 network (e.g., a VLAN) at the first datacenter while the second network manager (at the second datacenter) maps this physical network identifier to a second physical L2 network at the second datacenter. The network managers, in some embodiments, provide the configurations to the set of central controllers using their respective datacenter identifiers and specific physical L2 network identifiers in order for the central controllers to select managed forwarding elements at the two different datacenters to which to provide the respective bridge configurations.

FIG. 5 conceptually illustrates the mapping of some embodiments of generic physical network identifiers to specific physical L2 networks by different network managers 505-515. As shown, these three network managers 505-515 operate in three different datacenters, and store their own separate mappings of generic physical network identifiers (PNIDs) to specific VLANs at their respective datacenters. Thus, if the first network manager 505 receives a bridge configuration including PNID2, the network manager 505 will map this to VLAN 200, and provide this (along with an identifier for datacenter 1) as part of the 3-tuple sent to the set of central controllers to setup the bridge. If the second network manager 510 receives the same bridge configuration with PNID2, this network manager 510 will map the PNID to its own VLAN 400, and provide this (along with an identifier for datacenter 2) as part of the 3-tuple sent to the set of central controllers to setup the bridge. As can be seen, the second datacenter also has a VLAN 100, though this is associated with PNID3 (which could be for a completely different tenant). In addition, not all of the PNIDs will necessarily map to physical L2 networks in all of the datacenters. In this case, PNID3 does not map to any network in the third datacenter.

FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates a process 600 of some embodiments for generating a bridge configuration 3-tuple based on a generic physical network identifier. The process 600 is performed, in some embodiments, by a network manager located at a particular datacenter. The network managers across the various datacenters, in some embodiments, form a management plane. The management plane provides APIs through which administrators (e.g., via cloud management software) provide logical network configuration, to set up logical switches, logical routers, distributed firewalls, bridges between logical switches and physical L2 networks, etc. Among other responsibilities, in some embodiments the management plane translates the configuration from the administrators into the configuration for distribution to the MFEs (or local controllers). The set of central controllers receives this configuration and determines to which MFEs (or local controllers) each piece of configuration data should be distributed (and performs this distribution).

As shown, the process 600 begins by receiving (at 605) a bridge configuration that includes a logical network identifier and a generic physical network identifier. As in the description above, the logical network identifier specifies a logical switch such as a VXLAN network, which in this case spans multiple datacenters. The generic physical network identifier, as mentioned, maps to different specific physical L2 networks at different datacenters.

Next, the process 600 maps (at 610) the generic physical network identifier to a specific physical network identifier for the datacenter. The specific physical network identifier represents a specific VLAN or other physical L2 network at the particular datacenter where the network manager operates, in some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 5, the network manager of some embodiments stores data mapping each generic physical network identifier to its corresponding local specific physical network identifier.

The process 600 then provides (at 615) the bridge configuration to the set of central controllers as a 3-tuple that includes the logical network identifier, the specific physical network identifier (to which the generic physical network identifier was mapped), and a datacenter identifier. As before, the datacenter identifier specifies the datacenter in which the bridge will be located, which is the datacenter of the network manager and the datacenter in which the specific physical L2 network is located. For the same bridge, different network managers will provide different configuration 3-tuples to the set of central controllers (though the logical network identifier will be the same between these 3-tuples).

As mentioned, one such circumstance of some embodiments that uses the generic physical network identifier involves moving the bridge from one datacenter to another. FIG. 7 conceptually illustrates an example of such a failover scenario of some embodiments over two stages 705 and 710. As shown in the first stage 705, the figure illustrates two network managers 715 and 720 located at two datacenters 725 and 730, respectively. Each of the datacenters 725 and 730 includes three MFEs, and there is a set of central controllers 700 that provides configuration data to the MFEs at both datacenters.

The first stage 705 illustrates the initial setup for a bridge at the first datacenter 705. In this stage, the first network manager 715 initially receives input requesting that a bridge be configured between the logical L2 network VXLAN 10 and the generic physical L2 network represented by PNID 2. The first network manager 715 provides this bridge configuration to the second network manager 720 (as well as the network managers at any other datacenters spanned by the logical L2 network), which does not yet act on this information. In addition, the first network manager 715 maps the PNID to its specific local physical L2 network VLAN 200 and provides the bridge configuration 3-tuple to the set of central controllers 700. This 3-tuple, as shown, specifies VXLAN 10 (the logical network for the bridge), VLAN 200 (the physical network for the bridge at datacenter 1), and the first datacenter 725.

Based on this data, the set of central controllers 700 configures the bridge on a managed forwarding element (MFE3) in the first datacenter 725 (e.g., by providing the configuration data to the local controller that manages this MFE). In addition, in some embodiments, the set of controllers 700 provides configuration data to each of the other MFEs in both datacenters (or at least the MFEs connected to DCNs on the logical network) so that those MFEs send packets requiring bridging to MFE3.

If the first network manager fails (e.g., the machine on which the first network manager operates fails, loses communication, etc.), some embodiments move the bridge to a second datacenter also spanned by the logical L2 network. This second datacenter may have a physical L2 network that acts as a backup for the physical L2 network at the first datacenter.

In the second stage, the network manager 715 fails, and the second network manager 720 is notified of this failure. This notification may occur based on a message sent from the central controllers 700 or elsewhere, or because the second network manager 720 can no longer reach the first network manager 715. The second network manager 720 maps the PNID for the bridge to its specific local physical L2 network VLAN 400 and provides the bridge configuration 3-tuple to the set of central controllers 700. This 3-tuple, as shown, specifies VXLAN 10 (the logical network for the bridge), VLAN 400 (the physical network for the bridge at datacenter 2), and the identifier for the second datacenter 730.

Based on this data, the set of central controllers 700 configures the bridge on a managed forwarding element (MFE4) in the second datacenter 730 (e.g., by providing the configuration data to the local controller that manages this MFE). In addition, in some embodiments, the set of controllers 700 provides configuration data to each of the other MFEs in both datacenters (or at least the MFEs connected to DCNs on the logical network) so that those MFEs send packets requiring bridging to MFE4.

The use of a generic physical network identifier also enables an active-active setup, with bridges operating on multiple datacenters to bridge different physical L2 networks onto the logical L2 network at the same time. To enable this scenario, each of the network managers at their respective datacenters maps the generic physical network identifier to their own specific physical L2 network, and provides their separate configuration to the set of central controllers, which configures bridges at each datacenter. Thus, the same traffic from a logical network DCN (e.g., broadcast or multicast traffic) can be bridged onto multiple physical L2 networks at different datacenters.

FIG. 8 conceptually illustrates an example of such an active-active scenario of some embodiments for a bridge in two datacenters 805 and 810. The figure illustrates two network managers 815 and 820 located at the two datacenters 805 and 810, respectively. Each of the datacenters 805 and 810 includes three MFEs, and the figure additionally illustrates a set of central controllers 800 that provides configuration data to the MFEs at both datacenters.

As shown, the network manager 815 at the first datacenter 805 initially receives input (e.g., through its API) requesting that a bridge be configured between the logical L2 network VXLAN 10 and the generic physical L2 network represented by PNID 2. The first network manager 815 provides this bridge configuration to the second network manager 820 at the second datacenter 810, as well as the network managers at any other datacenters spanned by the logical L2 network VXLAN 10.

Each of these network managers 815 and 820 maps the PNID to its respective specific physical L2 network (VLAN 200 for the first network manager 815 and VLAN 400 for the second network manager 820). In addition, each of the network managers 815 and 820 provides its respective bridge configuration 3-tuple to the set of central controllers 800. As shown, the first network manager 815 sends a 3-tuple specifying VXLAN 10 (the logical network for the bridge), VLAN 200 (the physical network for the bridge at the first datacenter), and the datacenter identifier for the first datacenter 805. The second network manager 820 sends a 3-tuple specifying VXLAN 10 (the same logical network for the bridge), VLAN 400 (the physical network for the bridge at the second datacenter), and the datacenter identifier for the second datacenter 810.

Based on the 3-tuple from the first network manager 815, the set of central controllers 800 selects a managed forwarding element (MFE2) in the first datacenter 805 and configures the bridge on this MFE (e.g., by providing the configuration data to the local controller that manages this MFE). As shown, MFE2 is configured as a bridge between VXLAN 10 and VLAN 200. In addition, based on the 3-tuple from the second network manager 820, the set of central controllers 800 selects a managed forwarding element (MFE4) in the second datacenter 810 and configures the bridge on this MFE (e.g., by providing the configuration data to the local controller that manages this MFE). As shown, MFE4 is configured as a bridge between VXLAN 10 and VLAN 400.

In addition, in some embodiments, the set of controllers provides configuration data to each of the other MFEs in both datacenters (or at least the MFEs connected to DCNs on the logical network) so that these MFEs send packets requiring bridging to MFE2 or MFE4. In some embodiments, an MFE always sends packets requiring bridging to the bridge in its respective datacenter. However, in other embodiments, each of the MFEs receives information about both bridges, so that packets that need to be bridged onto the physical network in the first datacenter can be sent to the bridge in the first datacenter and packets that need to be bridged onto the physical network in the second datacenter can be sent to the bridge in the second datacenter.

Having multiple physical L2 networks at different datacenters bridged onto the same logical network can create the possibility of traffic loops as well as undesired connectivity between the physical L2 networks at different datacenters. In general, the traffic that requires bridging is either unicast traffic from a DCN on the logical L2 network to a DCN on the physical L2 network (or vice versa) or BUM traffic (broadcast, unknown unicast, or multicast) traffic. Unicast traffic will typically not cause loops, and should not cause data packets to be sent from the physical L2 network in one datacenter to the physical L2 network in another datacenter (as those DCNs should not be sending each other traffic in the first place in such embodiments).

However, BUM traffic can create these issues. For instance, a broadcast packet sent from a DCN on the first datacenter's physical L2 network would be bridged onto the logical network by the bridge at the first datacenter, and (because it is a broadcast packet) would reach the bridge at the second datacenter, which would (at least) bridge the packet onto the physical L2 network at the second datacenter. In addition, if a bridge is present at three datacenters, then the first bridge to receive a broadcast packet from its physical L2 network would broadcast this packet to the second and third bridges. In processing the packet, the second bridge would send the packet to the third bridge (possibly avoiding sending the packet back to the first bridge because the packet is not sent out the port on which it was received). The third bridge would also send the packet to the second bridge for the same reason, and both of these bridges would send the packets to the first bridge, creating a loop.

In some embodiments, each time a packet is sent from one of the MFEs to another (including from a bridge in one datacenter to a bridge in another datacenter), the packet is encapsulated (e.g., using VXLAN, GENEVE, STT, etc.). Thus, to prevent traffic loops or having a physical L2 network in one datacenter send traffic to a physical L2 network in another datacenter, some embodiments use an available field or portion thereof (e.g., a single bit) in the tunnel encapsulation header to identify that a packet has already been bridged. When the managed forwarding element implementing the bridge receives such a packet, the forwarding element does not bridge the packet again, instead just delivering the packet to its destination (e.g., the logical network DCN residing on that host machine).

FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates an example of a broadcast packet being sent between bridges in different datacenters. As shown, the packet is initially sent from a first VM 905 on VLAN 200 in a first datacenter 910 to its local bridge MFE 915. The packet has a source MAC address of the sender VM (VM8) and the broadcast destination address (FFFFFFFFFFFF). The packet also includes a VLAN tag at this point. Though not shown, this packet would be broadcast to the other DCNs on VLAN 200 in the first datacenter as well.

The bridge MFE 915 in the first datacenter 910 receives and processes this packet, bridging the packet to the logical L2 network VXLAN 10. This includes delivering the packet to its local DCN 920 (VM1) that is connected to this logical L2 network, to which the packet is sent (after removing the VLAN tag). The packet is also tunneled to the other MFEs that have VMs on the logical L2 network, including the bridge(s) in other datacenters. In this case, the packet is tunneled to the bridge MFE 925 in the second datacenter 930, in addition to various other MFEs (not shown) in both the first and second datacenters. The encapsulation, as shown, includes the identifier for VXLAN 10, the source and destination IP addresses of tunnel endpoints at the two MFEs, as well as a bridged bit set to 1. This bridged bit identifies the packet as having been bridged, so that the MFE4 will not bridge the packet again.

The bridge MFE 925 receives the packet from the bridge MFE 915 and processes this packet. The MFE 925 delivers the packet to the VM 935, which is on the logical L2 network VXLAN10. However, because the bridged bit is set in the packet, the MFE 925 does not send the packet out onto its local physical L2 network (and thus VM 940 does not receive the packet), as shown by the crossed-out arrow.

FIG. 10 conceptually illustrates an electronic system 1000 with which some embodiments of the invention are implemented. The electronic system 1000 can be used to execute any of the control, virtualization, or operating system applications described above. The electronic system 1000 may be a computer (e.g., a desktop computer, personal computer, tablet computer, server computer, mainframe, a blade computer etc.), phone, PDA, or any other sort of electronic device. Such an electronic system includes various types of computer readable media and interfaces for various other types of computer readable media. Electronic system 1000 includes a bus 1005, processing unit(s) 1010, a system memory 1025, a read-only memory 1030, a permanent storage device 1035, input devices 1040, and output devices 1045.

The bus 1005 collectively represents all system, peripheral, and chipset buses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices of the electronic system 1000. For instance, the bus 1005 communicatively connects the processing unit(s) 1010 with the read-only memory 1030, the system memory 1025, and the permanent storage device 1035.

From these various memory units, the processing unit(s) 1010 retrieve instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of the invention. The processing unit(s) may be a single processor or a multi-core processor in different embodiments.

The read-only-memory (ROM) 1030 stores static data and instructions that are needed by the processing unit(s) 1010 and other modules of the electronic system. The permanent storage device 1035, on the other hand, is a read-and-write memory device. This device is a non-volatile memory unit that stores instructions and data even when the electronic system 1000 is off. Some embodiments of the invention use a mass-storage device (such as a magnetic or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device 1035.

Other embodiments use a removable storage device (such as a floppy disk, flash drive, etc.) as the permanent storage device. Like the permanent storage device 1035, the system memory 1025 is a read-and-write memory device. However, unlike storage device 1035, the system memory is a volatile read-and-write memory, such a random-access memory. The system memory stores some of the instructions and data that the processor needs at runtime. In some embodiments, the invention's processes are stored in the system memory 1025, the permanent storage device 1035, and/or the read-only memory 1030. From these various memory units, the processing unit(s) 1010 retrieve instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of some embodiments.

The bus 1005 also connects to the input and output devices 1040 and 1045. The input devices enable the user to communicate information and select commands to the electronic system. The input devices 1040 include alphanumeric keyboards and pointing devices (also called “cursor control devices”). The output devices 1045 display images generated by the electronic system. The output devices include printers and display devices, such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) or liquid crystal displays (LCD). Some embodiments include devices such as a touchscreen that function as both input and output devices.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 10, bus 1005 also couples electronic system 1000 to a network 1065 through a network adapter (not shown). In this manner, the computer can be a part of a network of computers (such as a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), or an Intranet, or a network of networks, such as the Internet. Any or all components of electronic system 1000 may be used in conjunction with the invention.

Some embodiments include electronic components, such as microprocessors, storage and memory that store computer program instructions in a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (alternatively referred to as computer-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or machine-readable storage media). Some examples of such computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, read-only compact discs (CD-ROM), recordable compact discs (CD-R), rewritable compact discs (CD-RW), read-only digital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM), a variety of recordable/rewritable DVDs (e.g., DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc.), flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc.), magnetic and/or solid state hard drives, read-only and recordable Blu-Ray® discs, ultra-density optical discs, any other optical or magnetic media, and floppy disks. The computer-readable media may store a computer program that is executable by at least one processing unit and includes sets of instructions for performing various operations. Examples of computer programs or computer code include machine code, such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter.

While the above discussion primarily refers to microprocessor or multi-core processors that execute software, some embodiments are performed by one or more integrated circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In some embodiments, such integrated circuits execute instructions that are stored on the circuit itself.

As used in this specification, the terms “computer”, “server”, “processor”, and “memory” all refer to electronic or other technological devices. These terms exclude people or groups of people. For the purposes of the specification, the terms display or displaying means displaying on an electronic device. As used in this specification, the terms “computer readable medium,” “computer readable media,” and “machine readable medium” are entirely restricted to tangible, physical objects that store information in a form that is readable by a computer. These terms exclude any wireless signals, wired download signals, and any other ephemeral signals.

This specification refers throughout to computational and network environments that include virtual machines (VMs). However, virtual machines are merely one example of data compute nodes (DCNs) or data compute end nodes, also referred to as addressable nodes. DCNs may include non-virtualized physical hosts, virtual machines, containers that run on top of a host operating system without the need for a hypervisor or separate operating system, and hypervisor kernel network interface modules.

VMs, in some embodiments, operate with their own guest operating systems on a host using resources of the host virtualized by virtualization software (e.g., a hypervisor, virtual machine monitor, etc.). The tenant (i.e., the owner of the VM) can choose which applications to operate on top of the guest operating system. Some containers, on the other hand, are constructs that run on top of a host operating system without the need for a hypervisor or separate guest operating system. In some embodiments, the host operating system uses name spaces to isolate the containers from each other and therefore provides operating-system level segregation of the different groups of applications that operate within different containers. This segregation is akin to the VM segregation that is offered in hypervisor-virtualized environments that virtualize system hardware, and thus can be viewed as a form of virtualization that isolates different groups of applications that operate in different containers. Such containers are more lightweight than VMs.

Hypervisor kernel network interface modules, in some embodiments, is a non-VM DCN that includes a network stack with a hypervisor kernel network interface and receive/transmit threads. One example of a hypervisor kernel network interface module is the vmknic module that is part of the ESXi™ hypervisor of VMware, Inc.

It should be understood that while the specification refers to VMs, the examples given could be any type of DCNs, including physical hosts, VMs, non-VM containers, and hypervisor kernel network interface modules. In fact, the example networks could include combinations of different types of DCNs in some embodiments.

While the invention has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. In addition, a number of the figures (including FIGS. 1 and 6) conceptually illustrate processes. The specific operations of these processes may not be performed in the exact order shown and described. The specific operations may not be performed in one continuous series of operations, and different specific operations may be performed in different embodiments. Furthermore, the process could be implemented using several sub-processes, or as part of a larger macro process. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. For a network manager that manages a plurality of managed forwarding elements at a particular datacenter, a method comprising: receiving a configuration for a bridge between a logical L2 network that spans at least two datacenters and physical L2 networks at one or more of the spanned datacenters, wherein the configuration includes a generic physical network identifier; mapping the generic physical network identifier to a particular physical L2 network at the particular datacenter, wherein the generic physical network identifier maps to other physical networks at other spanned datacenters; and providing the configuration to a set of central controllers using an identifier for the particular physical L2 network, wherein the set of central controllers configures a managed forwarding element operating at the particular datacenter to implement the bridge to bridge packets between the logical L2 network and the particular physical L2 network.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration is received from an administrator setting up the bridge.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration is received from a network manager at a different one of the at least two datacenters.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the particular datacenter is a first datacenter, the physical network is a first physical network, the managed forwarding element is a first managed forwarding element, and the network manager is a first network manager; the bridge is initially implemented by a second managed forwarding element at a second datacenter; the first network manager provides the configuration to the set of central controllers after a second network manager at the second datacenter fails.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the initial implementation of the bridge bridges packets between the logical L2 network and a second physical network at the second datacenter.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the particular datacenter is a first datacenter and the managed forwarding element is a first managed forwarding element; the bridge is also implemented by a second managed forwarding element operating at the second datacenter.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the physical network is a first physical network, wherein the bridge as implemented by the second managed forwarding element bridges packets between the logical L2 network and a second physical network at the second datacenter.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein packets bridged by the first managed forwarding element are marked with a bridge flag to prevent the second managed forwarding element from also bridging the packets.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the bridge flag is a bit in a tunnel header for the packets.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein: the physical network is a first physical network and the network manager is a first network manager; and a second network manager at the second datacenter (i) receives the configuration for the bridge that includes the generic physical network identifier, (ii) maps the generic physical network identifier to a second physical L2 network at the second datacenter, and (iii) provides the configuration to the set of central controllers using an identifier for the second physical L2 network, wherein the set of central controllers configures the second managed forwarding element to implement the bridge to bridge packets between the logical L2 network and the second physical L2 network.
 11. A non-transitory machine readable medium storing a program for a network manager which when executed by at least one processing unit manages a plurality of managed forwarding elements at a particular datacenter, the program comprising: receiving a configuration for a bridge between a logical L2 network that spans at least two datacenters and physical L2 networks at one or more of the spanned datacenters, wherein the configuration includes a generic physical network identifier; mapping the generic physical network identifier to a particular physical L2 network at the particular datacenter, wherein the generic physical network identifier maps to other physical networks at other spanned datacenters; and providing the configuration to a set of central controllers using an identifier for the particular physical L2 network, wherein the set of central controllers configures a managed forwarding element operating at the particular datacenter to implement the bridge to bridge packets between the logical L2 network and the particular physical L2 network.
 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 11, wherein the configuration is received from an administrator setting up the bridge.
 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 11, wherein the configuration is received from a network manager at a different one of the at least two datacenters.
 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 11, wherein: the particular datacenter is a first datacenter, the physical network is a first physical network, the managed forwarding element is a first managed forwarding element, and the network manager is a first network manager; the bridge is initially implemented by a second managed forwarding element at a second datacenter; the first network manager provides the configuration to the set of central controllers after a second network manager at the second datacenter fails.
 15. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 14, wherein the initial implementation of the bridge bridges packets between the logical L2 network and a second physical network at the second datacenter.
 16. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 11, wherein: the particular datacenter is a first datacenter and the managed forwarding element is a first managed forwarding element; the bridge is also implemented by a second managed forwarding element operating at the second datacenter.
 17. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 16, wherein the physical network is a first physical network, wherein the bridge as implemented by the second managed forwarding element bridges packets between the logical L2 network and a second physical network at the second datacenter.
 18. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 17, wherein packets bridged by the first managed forwarding element are marked with a bridge flag to prevent the second managed forwarding element from also bridging the packets.
 19. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 18, wherein the bridge flag is a bit in a tunnel header for the packets.
 20. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 16, wherein: the physical network is a first physical network and the network manager is a first network manager; and a second network manager at the second datacenter (i) receives the configuration for the bridge that includes the generic physical network identifier, (ii) maps the generic physical network identifier to a second physical L2 network at the second datacenter, and (iii) provides the configuration to the set of central controllers using an identifier for the second physical L2 network, wherein the set of central controllers configures the second managed forwarding element to implement the bridge to bridge packets between the logical L2 network and the second physical L2 network. 